Cell state · L2
CHOND.remodeling
317 cells in the full atlas (not the displayed sample).
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Marker genes
HS3ST1, LOXL2, PMEPA1, SERPINE1, TSPAN2
Annotation genes
HS3ST1, LOXL2, PMEPA1, SERPINE1
Annotation rationales
LOXL2 promotes collagen crosslinking and HS3ST1 alters heparan-sulfate sulfation, both reshaping ECM mechanics and growth-factor retention. SERPINE1 (PAI-1) limits plasmin activation, indirectly reducing MMP activation and pericellular proteolysis, while PMEPA1 is a TGF-β–responsive brake, tuning TGF-β receptor signaling and biasing toward fibrosis/scar-like ECM. Together, these indicate matrix reorganization with stiffening rather than classic hyaline cartilage renewal.
Functional implications
Fibrotic-remodeling chondrocytes that stiffen cartilage via crosslinking and altered glycosaminoglycan sulfation, dampen pericellular proteolysis, and channel TGF-β–dependent repair into fibrocartilage. In the knee, this yields reduced shock absorption and impaired shear compliance, predisposing to stress concentration at load-bearing zones and promoting osteophyte/endochondral changes rather than restoration of hyaline cartilage.
Marker and functional descriptions are atlas annotations. Explore gene expression, trait associations and regulatory elements in the interactive browsers; see the browser guide.